Authors
Michael D. Toy (CIRES,NOAA/GSL), Joseph B. Olson (NOAA/GSL)
Abstract
The atmospheric component of the Model for Prediction Across Scales (MPAS-A) includes an orographic gravity wave drag (OGWD) parameterization inherited from the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model. The scheme represents the drag effects of subgrid-scale (unresolved) topography due to the amplification and breaking of vertically propagating gravity waves, as well as due to low-level flow blocking. NOAA has implemented a new suite of drag parameterizations in the Unified Forecast System (UFS) called the Unified Gravity Wave Physics (UGWP) package, which is to be included in the upcoming release of the Version 17 Global Forecast System (GFS) for operational forecasting. The UGWP includes modified versions of the OGWD schemes in MPAS, but also includes the drag effects of turbulent orographic form drag and GWD caused by wave breaking in highly stable nocturnal boundary layers, both of which are generated by small-scale (1km) horizontal variations of subgrid topography. An additional component of the UGWP is the non-stationary GWD parameterization representing the effects of gravity waves generated by processes such as deep convection and frontal instability. This parameterization has a significant impact on MPAS forecasts of the stratosphere and middle atmosphere, where the drag forces from these non-stationary processes have a role in phenomena such as the quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO).