Not only do microbes occur in the atmosphere despite its harsh conditions, but atmospheric transport is a key mode of microbial dispersal, shaping the distributions of microorganisms including those that affect human health and ecosystem functioning. While previous work has established that plant leaves and surface soils are important sources of airborne microbes, the relative importance of these sources and the specific effects of land cover changes on atmospheric microbial communities remain poorly understood. Furthermore, little is known about the traits that may predict why some taxa are more likely to be found in the air than others. To address these knowledge gaps, we collected 110 bioaerosol samples from paired locations in ~1-ha open fragments and surrounding plantation forest in South Carolina, USA. We also collected samples from the leaves of plants and soils at these sites to characterize potential bioaerosol sources. We analyzed the fungal and bacterial communities in the air, leaf, and soil samples using cultivation-independent methods. Despite the pronounced vegetation differences, the aeromicrobiomes in the distinct land-use types did not differ, likely reflecting substantial air mixing at this spatial scale. While the aeromicrobiome was comprised of a much larger proportion of foliar surface than soil-associated microbes, not all foliar surface-associated microbial taxa were equally likely to be detected in the corresponding air samples. Instead, the aeromicrobiome was enriched in potentially spore-forming bacteria and fungi that produce aboveground fruiting bodies and smaller spores. Overall, our work suggests that the near-surface aeromicrobiome is relatively unaffected by land use change at local scales, but we can identify microbial traits likely important for atmospheric dispersal from the corresponding source environments such as plant leaves.